1. INTRODUCTION
Education is a process which
draws out the best in man with the aim of producing a well balanced
personality.It is a purposeful activity.Education provides opportunities to
develop these inborn potentialities.According to John Dewey “Education is the
development of those capacities in the individual which will enable him to
control his environment and fulfill his responsibilities”.A number of factors
have to be taken in to account for determining
the aim of education.The existing philosophy of education,political philosophy of the state,
psychological factors,individual and social needs etc are some of the important
determinants of the aim of education.
Education in India is amongst various other
elements that have supported and helped the nation to achieve development
Indian education system is fascinating and it has gradually reached the present
status with several other contributions The history of education in India is
equally enthralling-The present education system in India is also influenced by
the spread of different religions such as Buddhism and Jainism as well as
Bhakti and Sati movements Education in modern India gained a whole new facet
with the promotion of western education in India,which almost inevitably started with the coming of
the British.Education in modern India comprises of primary education,secondary
education,senior secondary education and higher education.Primary education
consists of 8 years of education.while secondary and senior secondary consist of 2 years of education respectively
higher education in India starts after passing
the higher secondary education and post graduation courses are generally
of 2 to 3 years of duration.After independence 1947,India made a rule that
education is made available to all.The aim of education should be to reach us
rather how to think,than what to think –rather to improve our minds ,so as to
enable us to think for ourselves ,than to load memory with the thoughts of
other men.
2.HUMAN RIGHTS EDUCATION TODAY
President
Franklin Roosevelt of U.S.A , in his famous message to the congress in 1941,
for the first time used the term “Human Rights” and stressed that the world should be founded on four
essential freedoms, freedom of speech,freedom of religion, freedom of want and
freedom from fear. In 1948, the UN general assembly adopted the universal
declaration of Human Rights has been fundamental land mark in the history of the concept of
Human Rights in the world. It was
adopted on 10th
December,1948 and so this day is celeberated as the human Rights
Day all over the world every year.
The importance of this
declaration in the context of realization of human rights can not be ignored as
it provided an authentic experession of human rights as a common standard of
achievement for all people and nation.Human Rights are necessary to ensure the
dignity of every person irrespective of one’s race,religion,nationality,language,sex
or any other factor.Human Rights are
necessary to ensure the dignity of every person irrespective of ones race,
religion, nationality, language, sex, or any other factor.Human rights like as
civil, political, economic, social, cultural, developmental, intellectual and
environmental rights are becoming more and more important for the international
community.
The rights relating to
life,liberty,equality and dignity of individual are integral to the ethos of a
civilized society.The universal declaration of human rights(1948),The
international covenants on civil,political rights(1966)and Economic Social and
Cultural rights(1966) to each of which India is a signatory,constitutes
landmarks in the evolution of the concept of human rights.
NGOs and Media in our country
should do widest possible publicity of the rights of all human beings through
news,articales ,exhibitions,stories,broadcast etc. and promote the awareness of
people about Human Rights Education
3. ATTITUDE OF ELIMENTARY SCHOOL TEACHERS TOWARDS IN-
Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan(SSA) is government of
India’s flagship programme for achievement of Universalisation of Elimentary
Education(UEE)in a time bound manner,as mandated by 86th amendment
to the constitution of India making free and compulsory education to the
children of 6-14 years age group,a fundamental right by the central government
and is in force from 1st April,2010.Teaching is one of the challenging proffesions and only
those teachers can should the heavy responsibilities of nation building ,we are
adequately prepared and have sound knowledge base.This adequacy of preparation
,of course signifies development of
adequate skills dedication to teaching
and a determination of continuous growth and learning.Teachers are expected
to use the best practices and strategies to meet challenges and demands of their carrer.In the present
scenario ,teachers have to prepare them continuously in order to keep
themselves abreast with the latest development in his subject ares and to acquire
the communication skill for effective teaching.
At present, large finances are incurred upon
in-service training programmes for elementary school teachers but,to what
extent,these programmes are successful in achieving their objectives,is a
matter of concern.so it is the right time to know the opinion of elementary
school teachers regarding different aspects of in-service training programmes
in accordance with the opinion of elimentary school teachers so as to achieve
the target of EFA or UEE both quantitatively as well as qualitatively.
OBJECTIVES
- To
study the attitude of elimentary school teachers towards different aspects
of in-service training programmes organized under SSA.
- To
identify the major problem of on going in-service teacher training
programmes.
- To
formulate suggestions for making in-service teacher training programmes
more effective.
MAJOR PROBLEMS IN IN-SERVICE TEACHER TRAINING PROGRAMMES:
- In
service training programmes were mostly dominated by traditional training
methods and modern media and techniques were used to impart training.
- The
experts engaged as resource persons/master trainers in training programmes
were not competent enough.
- The
evaluation of training programmes was not conducted in order to identify
strengths and weaknesses of these training programmes.
SUGGESTIONS FOR SUCCESSFUL ORGANISATION OF IN-SERVICE
TEACHER TRAINING PROGRAMMES:
- The
training organizers should make efforts for engaging outside experts along
with involvement of local expertise for imparting training to teachers.
- There
is a dire need to provide field support to the teachers once they have
undergone in service training.
- The
basic facilities necessary impart training
in training venues/centres should be strengthened.
4. SCENARIO AND PROBLEM OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
Corporate social
responsibility is the voluntary commitment by company managers to integrate
social and environmental considerations in their business operations.The
commitment goes beyond normal compliance with the legal,regulations ,and
contractual obligations,which companies are expected to meet. Corporate social
responsibility is very essential and mandatory topic for every industries all
over the world.Through CSR technique we can help or treat our employees and
population surrounded near to that industrial area.
PROBLEMS
Problems which are seen is
that over here policies set are not need based and lack of activity on social
environmental and ethical issues.some big problems are:
- Connectivity
,scalability&responsibility is perspectives which are properly used.
- Lack
in ethical behaviour of company towards society.
- To
build trustyworthy &sustainable relationship with the community.
- No
effective work done for community welfare.
- Lack
of health care and socio-economic problem like poverty,illiteracy, etc
- Social
development is not effective because of limited resources.
- Policies,stratigies
& programs are not well planned.
INTERNATIONAL SCENARIO
International scenario
more better than our national scenario,we can see they have use this technique
very before than this and we can also see that they have developed environment
than India.Internationally,we can see that they provide social responsibilities
related to social development.
NATIONAL SCENARIO
In India some companies who believe in
corporate social responsibility are tata sons,birla group,bajaj group etc.Lupin
himan welfare is an ago providing facilities people living below poverty
line.canara bank csir project is to address the adult literacy problem in
India.Industries in India basically suffer
from limited resources ,healthy problem and very main political issues.
5. HIGHER
EDUCATION-PRESENT SCENARIO AND CHALLENGES AHEAD
The goal of higher level
of living for public can be attained through
‘education’especially “Higher Education”.Education as a source of
knowledge, is attaining greater heights in the development of societies
and countries. Knowledge is considered
as a commodity which can be transmitted as quickly as possible. Education helps
an individual to acquire knowledge and expertise to face the challenges of this
racing and competitive world.Education requires personal participation and
excellent transformation.But the real winning lies in winning having the Education for life
building,man making and character building. It is essential that students
acquire knowledge and understanding of the facts with a sence of respect to the
values.True education refers to an overall development of his talents and skills.
The process of education
begins at home and continuous throughout the life.The purpose of colleges is
not just to impart text book knowledge but to equip the students with skills requisite
to earn a living,thereby to mould young people in to good citizens.Higher
educational institutions are expected to deliver quality and sustainable
education to provide marketable products in this competent and globalization world.
WHAT IS EXPECTED OF HIGHER EDUCATION?
Higher education includes
“all types of studies ,training or training for research at the post secondary
level,provided by universities or other
educational establishments that are approved as institution of higher education
by the competent state authorities Higher Education should provide access to
both broad general education and targeted, career specific education ,often
interdisciplinary ,focusing on skills and aptitudes, both of which equip
individuals to live in a variety of changing settings,and to be able to change
occupations.
Higher Education
institutions should educate students to become well informed and deeply
motivated citizens ,who become well informed and deeply motivated citizens ,who
can think critically,analyse problem of society,look for solutions to the
problem of society ,apply them and accept social responsibilities.
PRESENT STATE OF HIGHER EDUCATION
The number of higher
education institutions,namely arts and science colleges,engineering
colleges,universities etc,is large compared to the employment opportunities
provided to the students.who are graduated every year.Therefore higher
education is in a pathetic situations that it is just producing unemployed and
unemployed graduates.
a) REASONS FOR IRRELEVANCE
·
The
role of government in higher education
·
Rapid
scientific growth
·
Increased
cultural ,caste,religion,sensitivity
·
Funding
constraints
b) WHAT
COULD BE DONE?
·
Complete
structural change in education system
·
Students
to be made more productive
·
Problem
oriented research must be focused
·
Micro
specialization should be encouraged.
c) CHALLENGES FACED
·
Financing
·
Equity
of condition at access in to and during the course of studies
·
Improved
staff development
·
Relevance
of programmes
·
New
opportunities relating to technologies
·
Preserving
cultural identities
·
Equitable
access to the benefits of international co-operation
·
Skill
based training
·
Correcting
provision imbalances
d)FACTORS THAT MUST BE TAKEN CARE OF
·
Ethical
standards
·
Political
impartiality
·
Critical
capacities
·
Better articulation with the problem of society and
the world of work
TEACHING
The quality of teacher education
depend upon the quality of teachers. The quality of teacher determines the
quality of education as a tree is to be judged by its fruits.If the teacher are
excellent ,the nation will have excellent citizens ,the nation will have
excellent citizens.The backbone of every educational institution is it committed
teachers who spark the imaginations of their students and give wings to their
dream..Besides attending orientation and refresher courses conducted by
Acadamic staff colleges,a teacher can
- Read latest book of their areas and
professional journals and periodicals regularly
- Share
experiences and ideas both formally and informally with other faculty
members.
- Use effective ,innovative method of teaching.
LEARNING
By keeping their eyes and ears open
and their brain functioning ,they must increase the learning interest.The
challenges ahead of them are:
·
Declining
government based employment
·
Growing
skill based employment
·
Current
Education and Employment linkage
With the opportunities available and
training given and being aware of the challenges ahead,they must be self
motivated because a self motivated person’s performance appraisal will show
qualitative results.They must set up a goal which is SMART
·
S for Specific
·
M for Measurable
·
A for Ambitious but attainable
·
R for Relevant
·
T for
Timebiased
EVALUATON
In the system of examinations at the
college level,since many years students are evaluated on the basis of a
semester or non-semester examinations.The essay type questions papers decide
the destiny of the students.Many other components may be included in the
continuous internal assessment to test the knowledge and understanding
of the students.
6.
INTERNATIONALIZATION AND LOCALIZATION OF TEACHERS EDUCATION TO DEVELOP HIGHER
EDUCATON
Internationalization is the concept of this world as a single
common heritage of all human kind.The term internationalization and
globalization are often used interchangeably.Internationalization is a feeling that the individual is not only
a member of this state,but a citizen of
the world .Man has feeling of love,cooperation and peace which gives birth to
internationalization in almost all sphere of life.Thanks to technology,the
world has become a global village.It has been defined as a set of processes by
which the world is rapidly being integrated in to one.The matter of development
of internationalization is being considered all over the world ,the fast and
huge transformations due to globalization and information techonology are
creating great impact on the future of nearly every society
,community,institution and individual in
different parts of the world.
Internalionalization means,integration of
economics and socities through cross countrie’s flow of information
,ideas,capital,education ,finance and the people .In internationalization and
localization of higher education two stratiges are impotant.
- COM modification the use of knowledge as a
purchasable and saleable good.
- Alternative providers with profit motive of
higher education landscape that are engaged in the transmission of
knowledge and communication technologies.
The internationalization
of and localization of teacher education have very important role to increase
the quality of higher education.The international trade in education under the
globalization scenario is likely to take place through four modes.
1. Internationalization Distance Education
mode
2. Institutional collaboration of
two or more countries
3. Institutional presence direcly or
through a system of franchise
4.Trans-National mobility of trained
teachers ,intellectuals and student
In a globally competitive
world,India will be a loser in the international educational trade market if
quality and relevance are not built,empowerment and status of the teachers and
teacher education are not enhanced,suitable infrastructure is not
available,absolute curriculam and cources are not properly substituted and
revamped ,research specially mass action researchers are not strengthened and eolution and monitoring are not inbuilt Thus in a globally competitive
world it is quality of teacher education that can sustain a nation.
7. PRIVITISATION OF PROFESSIONAL
EDUCATION
The development of any nation depends mainly
on the standards of its educational institutions. Education is the most
powerful and effective instrument for inducing radical changes in the behavior
of students. The teacher occupies pivotal position in the system of education.
Teaching has been one of the oldest and the most respected professions in the
world.
Education is the process
of instruction aimed at the all-round development of boys and girls. Education
dispels ignorance. It is the only wealth that cannot be robbed. Learning
includes the moral values and the improvement of character and the methods to
increase the strength of mind.
Privatization of Teacher
Education
“The density of India USA
The teaching profession today
attracts only those who have missed all other “better” opportunities in life
and is increasingly mired in bureaucratic controls and anti-education concepts
such as “hours” of teaching “load”, “paid by the hour”, “contractual” teachers
etc. With privatization reducing education to a commodity, teachers are reduced
to tutors and teaching is reduced to coaching.
PRESENT STATUS OF TEACHER
EDUCATION
Permission is granted by
the NCTE regional centers to number of teacher education institutions/colleges
especially in the private unaided sectors. The first and foremost supervising
authority for running B.Ed. programs me is the concerned University. The
concerned officials of the university have to make frequent surprise visits to
the B.Ed. colleges under its jurisdiction. If any loopholes identified,
necessary steps may be taken for rectifying them at the earliest possible
times; then only the quality of B.Ed. programmers can be improved.
8. IMPLEMENTING QUALITY ASSURANCE
IN TECHNICAL EDUCATION
Quality technical
educational plays a vital roll in the society. The economy of country is
influenced to a great extent by the technical manpower and vocational training.
The demand for technical education is large in our country. Quality is defined
as “specifying worthwhile long term goals and short term goals and enabling
students and teachers to achieve them”. The quality of technical education
system depends on the institution, infrastructure, faculty’s research, and
development activities and industry institutions interaction etc. quality is
the single most important issue in education business and government today.
Students who are not prepared to responsible, productive citizens become a
burden on society. Today, there are more than six hundred engineering colleges
in the country, which are providing technical education to the students. Some
colleges are fully government aided, some are partially and other is
self-funding.
MAJOR ISSUES AND CHALLENGES
At present, our technical
education system faces two major challenges:
a.
Quality assurance
b.
Keeping pace with the technological
advancement; the following resources need to be strengthened:
1.
Human resources
2.
Material
resources
STEPS TO IMPROVE TECHNICAL EDUCATION
The technical education
system has to undergo introspection on its weakness and take active steps to
improve the quality of the educational processes. Some of the steps are:
1.
Effective autonomy to engineering
institution to upgrade curricula at regular intervals to keep abreast of
developments in technology as well as pedagogy.
2.
Effective functional and
administrative autonomy coupled with accountability.
3.
Develop continuous teacher competence
up gradation mechanism
4.
Put emphasis on obsolesce removal of
infrastructure as well as teaching/learning evaluation process.
5.
Strong interface with industry i.e.
building industry institute partnership.
6.
Create opportunities for student exchange with
other countries, transfer of credits etc…
VISSION
AND MISSION
The institution should create innovative and
knowledge based society through concurrent teaching methods in technical
courses. To create techno-excellent citizen who will be responsible for overall
development of society. To build the institution as a center of excellence of
engineering education, the institution should produce an engineer who can adopt
an integrated approach in engineering and judiciously use technology to benefit
the society in particular and humanity at large.
9. INCLUSION OF MENTALLY
CHALLENGED STUDENTS IN NORMAL CLASSROOM
Mental retardation is a pervasive worldwide problem and constitutes a
sizable proportion of the population in India too. Mental retardation,
actually is not a disease but a significantly sub average general intellectual
functioning existing concurrently with deficits in adaptive behavior, and
manifested during the developmental period (arun, 1988). Mentally challenged
have potential abilities. The inclusion classroom provides a setting for these
students to interact with their peers of all ability levels, thus most
accurately mirroring the real world outside of school. The inclusion setting
provides these students with an opportunity to interact with students who may
have different ways of learning or different abilities; again, mimicking the
real-world experience for these students as well as Govindaraju,2007.
IQ OF MENTALLY
CHALLENGED CHILD
Many of the characteristic
of mild intellectual disability MID correspond to those of learning
disabilities. The intellectual development will be slow; however, students with
MID have the potential to learn with the regular classroom given appropriate
modifications and or accommodations (Watson, 2006).
10. CONCLUSION
Education should create a well-balanced
personality of individuals with intellect developing along with bodily health.
Teachers should cast exemplary influence of students. Modern education accept
concept of learning through taking into consideration the variables of
operation, indifferent institution by harmonizing in the development of child
at the primary and secondary level. The only purpose of education is to teacher
student how to live his life-by developing his mind and equipping him to deal
with reality The training he needs is
theoretical, ie conceptual he has to be
taught be essentials of the knowledge discovered in the past –he has to be equipped to acquire further knowledge his
own efforts.
.
11.REFERENCES
1.Dr.S.K Upadhyay (2012) “Human
Rights education Today”Journal of Educational & psychological Research
Vol.2,No.2,P.130.
2.Dr.Vishal Sood $ Mrs. Arti
Anand (2011) “Attitude of Elementary School Teachers training programmes under
SSA” Journal of Modern Educational Research in India
3.Mrs.M.Arulmozhi(2012) “Higher
Education-Present scenario and challenges Ahead”New Frontiers In Education,
Vol.45, No.1.
4.Thankachan.T.C (2012),Philosophical
and Sociological bases of education,V Publishers.
